Psychoanalytic Perspectives of the Oedipus Mythology Essay

Patricide and inbreeding structure the proposition and message that Sophocles started with the formation of Oedipus the King. In the plays that followed, Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone, Sophocles clarified upon what might get one of the most significant prime examples in analysis. To best decipher the Oedipus set of three, a look will be taken into the development of the plays themselves, trailed by an understanding of the plays’ matches and the beginning of the Oedipus Complex dependent on a psychoanalytic viewpoint. In any case, Sophocles composed what got known as the Oedipus set of three over a time of over forty years which demonstrates the significant drenching that he obviously had in the Oedipus adventure. Each play is an independent narrative speaking to his sensational subject of recovery from the wrongdoing of patricide and inbreeding, but, the curve between the three Theban plays features the message that Sophocles wouldn't alleviate himself from, and which expended almost as long as he can remember. While this may appear of little significance to perusing the Oedipus set of three itself, Sophocles didn't keep in touch with them in the request spoke to in about each compilation. As David Grene notes, â€Å"as far as the legend is concerned, the story runs in arrangement: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone† (p. I). Their request for origination, rather, went: Antigone, Oedipus the King, and afterward Oedipus at Colonus (p. I), which presents a couple of errors inside the story itself (for the most part with the character and activities of Creon, Jocasta’s sibling). From this birth request, â€Å"the arrangement, accordingly, can't have framed a [true or literal] trilogy†¦beyond the way that every one of the three plays manages the circumstance in the Oedipodean family ancestry, there is no solidarity of subject or treatment between them† (Watling). In addition, â€Å"except for the undeniable connections of reality associating them, each comprises a new way to deal with an unmistakable and independent problem† (13). Generally, this implies while most treasurys present the three Theban plays in a sequential request for the character Oedipus, the reality remains that each could be perused without information on the others and a similar subject and message would be receivedâ€which, in light of Sophocles’ long lasting fixation on the story, more likely than not been his legitimization for the story that continued advancing. The thinking behind the request and position of the plays inside treasurys is sound, nonetheless, on the grounds that, while the tales might act naturally contained, the curve of Oedipus is the connection that truly transforms the plays into a set of three. In Oedipus the King, Oedipus, as prescience had anticipated, executes his dad, King Laius, and weds his mom, Queen Jocasta, bearing at any rate four youngsters in the process who, in the play Antigone, are uncovered as Antigone, Ismene, Eteocles, and Polyneices. In the wake of learning of his frightful activities, Oedipus ousts himself as he had broadcasted would be the destiny of the savage fit for killing King Laius, and in this way blinds himself with expectations of discovering reclamation for his unpardonable sins. While Oedipus at Colonus is the second play in the compilations, it is the strict consummation for Oedipus. He is taken to the city of Colonus by his caring little girls, Antigone and Ismene, on the grounds that, as he had gained from the prophet in Oedipus the King, he was intended to locate his last resting place there. Minutes before his end, Oedipus understands that his wrongdoings of patricide and interbreeding weren’t genuinely wicked on the grounds that he submitted the carries on of numbness alone, and it is at this time, and regardless of all that he has looked as he continued looking for reclamation that Zeus exonerates Oedipus of his transgressions and he goes, with harmony, into the hereafter. In Antigone, Oedipus is minimal in excess of a plot reference to kick the play off. His lone notice is in the initial lines and is that, following his deliberate outcast from the city of Thebes in Oedipus the King, Oedipus had made an expectation that his children would be self sufficiently important to battle about his seat and execute one another. In this way the play starts with the passings of Eteocles and Polyneices. The play itself follows the activities of Antigone and her significant other Creon, who is the reason for much hypothesis from most researchers because of his not all that cutting-edge age. As the course of events goes, Creon is Jocasta’s sibling and would have been Oedipus’ senior by numerous years or, at any rate, would have been as old as Oedipus himself. As Antigone is Oedipus’ little girl, and Creon is supposed to be â€Å"a vivacious moderately aged dad of an energetic son† (Watling, 13), researchers banter concerning the precision of Sophocles’ character creation and question regarding his intentions in retelling the story in the same number of structures as he did, with an exceptional defect. Creon’s deviation in any case, it is the minor and unimportant job of Oedipus in the play Antigone that denotes the fundamental explanation that most compilations put in Antigone toward the end in the request of the Oedipus folklore, despite the fact that the course of events would, as Sophocles suspected recorded as a hard copy them, place Oedipus at Colonus last, due to the play’s portrayal of the most recent long periods of Oedipus’ life. This, in itself, is critical in understanding the mental parts of the Oedipus set of three. Presently, while perusers will never know the genuine importance behind the request for the Oedipus folklore, the reality remains that Sophocles composed inside a prime example and character curve with the aims of introducing his emotional themeâ€and it took three attempts to get it out as he wanted. What he made, nonetheless, shows a reality about the self-revelation of the individual and the way to reclamation that denotes a huge part of the development of the person. To best characterize this excursion, a psychoanalytic point of view will currently be taken into Sophocles’ primary subject and message. From an investigation of his work, Sophocles â€Å"shares [a] worry with discovering truth in a universe of appearances and is impacted, regardless of whether in a roundabout way, by the new speculations about language: the issue of the connection of words to the real world, and the intensity of words to misdirect, to win uncalled for causes, and to confound moral issues† (Segal, 7). More, the plays are â€Å"almost surely a reaction to occasions of [his] period. A startling, powerful appearing fiasco out of nowhere clears away splendid expectations; trust in human explanation and estimation is broken, and enormity quickly transforms into misery† (9). Sophocles saw the ascent and fall of ground-breaking countries, and it bodes well that he would take what he had seen and made his version of occasions that had unfolded in an abstract structure that he could show the world. Furthermore, it is from this premise researchers have bantered over the reason and equals behind the two principle urban communities present inside the plays of Sophocles. Frequently, the city of Athens is contrasted with a man’s relationship with himself, while the city of Thebes speaks to the contention among man and his dad. Without a doubt, â€Å"the figure of Oedipus [is] a refining of Athens at the stature of its capacity, vitality, brave, scholarly interest, and trust in human reason† (Segal, 11). As the recorded setting of the city of Athens was definitely an impact in Sophocles’ creation of the Oedipus set of three, an immediate equal from the annihilation of Athens to the demolition of Oedipus the amazing pioneer can be drawn. More, â€Å"it is even conceivable that Oedipus’ scan for who he truly is reflects something of a shared personality emergency in a city that had experienced an enormous change in a brief timeframe and had refashioned itself from a somewhat calm, customary privileged and oppression in the 6th century into a radical, intellectualized vote based system and an incredible empire† (Segal, 11). This equal, of Oedipus to the excellent city of Athens, does a lot to loan weight to Sophocles’ subject of predetermination and the divine beings denoting a way for man. For, as Athens rose in power, so as well, it fell since it submitted sins and offenses to incredible to discover recovery from en route. Concerning the city of Thebes, there lies an immediate connection to Sigmund Freud’s hypothesis of contention among man and his dad which speaks to an immediate corresponding to Oedipus’ banish from the city of his lord making. Freud recommended that â€Å"the play entrances us so much†¦not in light of the fact that it performs ‘the differentiate among predetermination and human will,’ but since ‘there must be something which prepares a voice inside us to perceive the convincing power of destiny’† (Segal, 59). From this hypothesis, Freud characterized that the â€Å"‘destiny’ is the general need to which we all (or if nothing else all guys) are subjectâ€namely, the desires that stay from our covered creature nature to slaughter the dad and have the mother† (59). Also, it is this fate whereupon Sophocles made his establishment and prime example. As a reason for his hypothesis, Freud confirmed that the prophet was an immediate corresponding to the psyche mind, refering to that â€Å"this camouflaging of Oedipus’ oblivious wants as a prophet from the divine beings lets the oblivious become obvious as well as records for the sentiment of blame that we have about these oblivious wants, despite the fact that we are not liable of any crime† (Segal 59-60). Significantly more, Freud estimated that â€Å"Oedipus’ enthusiasm to rebuff himself, with no endeavor at self-protection, compares to the internal conviction of blame that originates from these oblivious desires† (60). Since Oedipus quickly set out to rebuff himself and discover recovery for his activities, notwithstanding the way that he destroyed them obliviousness, at that point, recommends that in his psyche, Oedipus did for sure want to murder his dad and truly and explicitly have his mom. For, as Freud conjectured, in his

Using Electrophoresis To Determine The Sickle Cell Disease I essays

Utilizing Electrophoresis To Determine The Sickle Cell Disease I articles Title: Using Electrophoresis To Determine The Sickle Cell Disease In Hemoglobin Electrophoresis is the development of charged particles affected by an electric field. Since amino acids and proteins are charged particles, they move in an electric field at suitable pH esteems. Hemoglobin is the significant protein inside red platelets. Its essential capacity is to move oxygen. At the point when utilized in an electrophoresis explore characteristics and sicknesses are effectively decided in light of where the proteins and amino acids relocate on the gel plate. At the point when oxygen focus in the blood decline the deficient particle frames long precious stones inside the red platelets to extend and accept a sickle shape. The solidified hemoglobin additionally harms the cell layer with the goal that the cells become delicate. Sickle cell malady is a hereditary issue that is brought about by a solitary amino corrosive change in the hemoglobin. In this specific trial, electrophoresis was utilized to recognize whether each example of blood was ordinary hemoglobin, blo od with the sickle cell attribute, or blood with the sickle cell malady. The theory concerning this trial was that considering the hemoglobin of sickle cell infection has an alternate amino corrosive that ordinary hemoglobin or a transporter for the illness it will relocate to an alternate space on the gel plate than the typical hemoglobin or bearer. The hemoglobin that is a bearer for sickle cell malady has both amino acids, in this manner, it will occupy both the space assigned for ordinary hemoglobin just as the ailing hemoglobin. Predicted Resulted As found in the graphs provided over the anticipated result was accomplished in the performed try. In segment one the example was perused as ordinary hemoglobin, in segment three it was sickle cell, lastly in segment ... <!

Writing College Entrance Essays

Writing College Entrance Essays For most students, the first essay they write as a college requirement is also the most important one. The college entrance essay is a daunting task that requires as much candor as it does nuance, and the formula-driven essay assignments in high school language arts classes are a far cry from what admissions committees typically expect. In addition, competition for admission into the nations top universities is steadily tightening. As students, parents, and guidance counselors recognize the necessity of obtaining a respected degree in todays job market, applicants wisely vie for the slots that will give them the greatest chances in competing for the best career opportunities.So is it possible for the average student to stand out when writing college entrance essays? And how important is it to focus a great deal of time and effort on this endeavor? The answer to these questions is… very! In many cases, a students college entrance essay overshadows his or her grades, extracurricular activities, and academic achievements. Admissions committees want to know who a student is as a person; all the impressive numbers and name-dropping do not necessarily reveal that. The college entrance essay is most often the only chance that committees have to see students for who they really are, know their individual struggles and intent, and connect on a personal level with them.Often students ask, How do I know what to write? A 500-word limit doesnt allow a lot of room for ineffective and unnecessary information, and the process of weeding out what is important and what isnt can be overwhelming. That word cap is placed for a reason: committees dont want to read your life story, they simply want a type of written snapshot of your past, present, and future. Think of it as a first impressionâ€"the kind of introduction that does not come with a lot of detailed information. With this in mind, the easiest way to begin a college admissions essay is to ask yourself: What first impressi on do I want to make?When you introduce yourself to a stranger, do you divulge a lot of information about your childhood experiences? Do you get on a soapbox about politics and world peace? Do you make a lot of excuses or offer lengthy explanations about possible faults on your academic record? Or, do you use clear and straightforward tactics to show that you are professional, to demonstrate that you have a sense of humor and self-worth, and to clearly outline what you hope to achieve from the meeting? Hopefully, you choose the latter, and this is exactly what you should do when writing a college entrance essay.The most common mistake that students make when writing college entrance essays is saying too much about what is unimportant and not enough about what is most important. When a student uses two paragraphs of a 500-word count essay discussing his or her academic achievements, it is a waste of opportunity. Such achievements are generally noted on your application and reference letters, and do not need excessive reiteration. A sentence or two highlighting the greatest of your achievements is sufficient; any more, and you run the risk of being repetitive.Academic achievements, classes taken, grades, and community service are typically included in your transcripts and application itself, and should be given limited space in a college entrance essay. However, there are pieces of information that are not always shown in the actual application or transcripts. Such information could include why you chose a particular college or career path, who influenced you the most and why, and positive qualities about yourself that will make you a successful college student. These are all questions that the admissions committee will have about you, and questions that will reveal a lot to them about your goals, your motivation, your personality, and your intent.Admissions committees also like to know how serious you are about becoming a part of their school. They like to thin k that if they are turning down another student in order to give you an open slot, it is because you really want the opportunity to attend their school. This is why it is key to include clear reasons why you chose a particular school, and how it stands apart from the rest in your search. Never let an admissions committee know that you have applied to several schools, and that they are simply one of the many on your list. A vast majority of universities still embrace exclusivity, tradition, and loyalty in their decision-making process, and seek students who will be proud of being a part of the campus body.Finallyâ€"and most importantlyâ€"you should seek to show personality and human-ness in your writing. Often, students assume that the admissions essay should reflect their scholastic ability, and make the mistake of being overly pretentious and academic in their approach to writing. While a college entrance essay should certainly be free of grammatical and structural problems, it is never advisable to talk down to your audience, or write as if you are preparing a dissertation before you even begin your university studies. Humor, in small doses, is an excellent approach to counter the tendency to be excessively academicâ€"as is carefully considered candor. Such writing will create a personal bond between the essay writer and audience, keeping him or her in the position of being a memorable applicant.

Final - Project and Program Risk Management - 4139 Words

FINAL EXAM MGT 5088 Project and Program Risk Management Susan H. Davenport August 6, 2009 1. Discuss Risk Process and Practices. Why do professionals mandate Risk Management? a) Discuss Risk Process and Practices. Project Managers must determine the success criteria for managing a project to identify risks that could possibly impede customer requirements. Risk Management is a disciplined, systematic process to obtain the maximum benefits associated with such a management channel. Every project needs some type of documentation related to risk management activity. This type of management may take on an informal or formal approach, but risk management is essential for every project.†¦show more content†¦The following six (6) major steps will increase the chances of a successful technique application: 1) Identify experts and ensure their participation 2) Create the Delphi instrument 3) Have the experts respond on the instrument 4) Review and restate the responses 5) Gather the experts’ opinions and repeat 6) Distribute and apply the data The Delphi technique is a time-consuming process, but this technique is promising in extracting information from experts who might not otherwis e contribute to a project’s body of knowledge. 3. Explain the Crawford Slip Method (CSM). The Crawford Slip Method (CSM) is a classic tool used to combat the negativism inherent in team members while attempting to identify risk and risk information-gathering for a particular product or process. CSM offers a variety of advantages over other information-gathering techniques, in particular, the ability to aggregate large volumes of information in a very short time period and the complete avoidance of groupthink. CSM is not the hardest risk management technique to apply when properly facilitated. A clearly established question is defined by the facilitator and provided to all qualified participants. The participants then document their response to the clearly established question on a slip of paper. Providing the same clearly established question to the participantsShow MoreRelatedBoeing Case Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesBoeing 767 Case Study Questions 1. How would you describe Boeing’s approach to project management? What are its strengths and weaknesses? Boeing adopts a very thorough, well planned out process to manage the project. The stages are defined clearly and tasks involved in each stage are carried out sequentially. 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Enron Case Study - 4789 Words

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report will analyse the groupthink’s concerns in the collapse of Enron. The collapse of Enron is less than three months, which Enron from a very prosperous company to a bankrupt enterprise. The collapse of Enron is one of the most grievous business failures in United States. This disastrous business failure had causes a large number of employees lost their jobs and retirement savings. Groupthink leads groups to make faulty judgments. Groupthink occurs when a group make wrong decisions as the pressures of group lead to deterioration of â€Å"mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment†. There are several symptoms of groupthink. The issues to be resolved for Enron are collective rationalization, stereotypes†¦show more content†¦The dramatic transformation of the Enron collapse is one of the striking features, which is in less than three months, Enron from a very prosperous company to a bankrupt enterprise. 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A Midsummer Night’s Dream an Ecological Interpretation Free Essays

string(202) " already written by the present researcher and published in the Research Spectrum \(August-2012 Issue\) contains some hints of the Eco-criticism in Shakespeare’s plays as seen by Rabindranath Tagore\." A Midsummer Night’s Dream: An Ecocritical Interpretation Lieutenant Asit Biswas Bio-Notes: Lieut. Asit Biswas is an Assistant Professor, Dept. of English, and Associate NCC Officer, Acharya B. We will write a custom essay sample on A Midsummer Night’s Dream: an Ecological Interpretation or any similar topic only for you Order Now N. Seal (Govt. ) College, Cooch Behar, W. B. ABSTRACT: Shakespeare studies in India started as early as in the early decades of the 19th century when the Indians seldom engaged in Shakespeare interpretation and so the term ‘ecocriticism’ was unheard of. What we mean by the phrase ‘Critical studies of Shakespeare’ started in India in 1917 when Hindu College (later on Presidency College and now Presidency University) was founded. Then Shakespeare began to be evaluated from an oriental point of view. Some of those interpretations may be considered ecocriticism. The same thing was done by Purna Chandra Basu (in his article â€Å"Sahitye Khoon†, D. L. Roy (in his book, Kalidas O Bhababhuti) etc. Eco-criticism as a literary movement, as Yogesh K. Tiwari and N. D. R. Chandra say, began in the 1990s. But ecocritical evaluation of Shakespeare’s plays from Indian point of view is yet to flourish well. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream one can find plethora of materials relevant not only for the students of literature but of environmental studies also. The aim of the present play is to reinterpret Shakespeare’ play A Midsummer Night’s Dream from ecocritical point of view and thereby justify the contemporaneity of the Bard. Now-a-days many in many universities in India the students have to read English and Environmental Studies as compulsory subjects, Shakespeare being a part of the former. As the students of literature they would be keen to trace out the aesthetic aspects of the dramas of Shakespeare while belonging to various disciplines they would naturally seek for the relevance of Shakespeare in the present context. So the paper is an attempt to bring out Shakespeare’s anticipation of the environmental problems and thereby prove Shakespeare as a topic of both literature and environmental studies. Modern environmentalism began with ‘A Fable for Tomorrow’, in Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962). Mrs. Frederick Boas edited the Cambridge collection of Tempest Essays; Richard Kerridge N. Shammells published Writing the Environment, Eco-criticism and Literature (Zed Books-1998); J. Bate L. Coupe published The Green Studies Reader from Romanticism to Eco-Criticism (by New York, Routeledge-2000);but the most outstanding book in this field is Green Shakespeare by Gabriel Egan who says, Crossing he boundaries of literary and cultural studies to draw in politics, philosophy and ecology, this volume not only introduces one of the most lively areas of contemporary Shakespeare studies, but also  puts forward  a convincing case for Shakespeare’s continuing relevance to contemporary theory. There is a significant school named as the Association for the study of Literature and Environment which was started in America and now has its branches in Japan and UK. I t is mainly an association of the eco-critics. The Role of Literature in Placing a Value on the Environment: As Daniel B. Botkin and Edward A. Keller say in their book Environmental Science (5th edition, Page No. 11) the value of the environment is based on the following justifications: aesthetic, creative, recreational, inspirational, moral, cultural and utilitarian (materialistic). Aesthetic justification has to do with our appreciation of beauty of nature. Many people prefer living in the world of wilderness to one without it. Rabindranath Tagore created an instance by leaving the clutter of Calcutta settling down in the lap of Nature in Santiniketan. In Shakespeare the Forest of Arden minimizes the bereavement of the Duke in As You Like It. But in the Duke’s bemoaning for the subordination of the forest we hear the voice of an ecologist. It would not be a digression to say that Tagore’s ecocentrism is again found in Siksha: Tapoban in his comment on Shakespeare’s plays. While ecology is a mother branch of science, ecocriticism is comparatively a new branch which attempts to establish a relationship between literature and the physical environment. As Greg Garrard quotes in his book Eco-criticism from Glotfelty’s book The Eco-criticism Reader: Landmark in Literary Ecology: Simply put, eco-criticism is the study of the relationship between literature and physical environment. Just as feminist criticism examines language and literature from a gender conscious perspective, and Marxist criticism brings an awareness of modes of production and economic class to its reading of texts, eco-criticism takes an earth-centred approach to literary study. Garrard also adds that eco-criticism is closely related to environmentally oriented developments in philosophy and political theory. So eco-criticism may be interpreted as the analysis of a literary text from the point of view of an ecologist. Another epoch making writing that has relevance in our interpretation of A Midsummer Night’s Dream is Simon C. Estok’s research paper titled Shakespeare and Ecocriticism: An Analysis of â€Å"Home† and â€Å"Power† in King Lear in which the author explains the key terms â€Å"Anthropocentrism†, â€Å"Biocentrism/ Ecocentrism† and â€Å"Ecophobia†. Agreeing with Greg Garrard, Estok says that ecocriticism is not simply the study of nature or natural things in literature; rather it is any theory that is committed to effecting change by analysing the function – thematic, artistic, social, historical, ideological, theoretical, or otherwise— the natural environment, or aspects of it, represents in documents that contribute to material practices in material world. The explanation of the term ‘ecophobia’ is also very much necessary in our revaluation of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Estok thinks that â€Å"ecophobia is the fear of loss of agency and control to Nature†. This ecophobia, found in both Oberon and Titania in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, gives birth to various conflicts, both inner and outer, or, to say more explicitly, psychological and social (which includes ecological aspects also) and this sociological aspects of the play justify the contemporaneity of the bard. Some minor research works have been done on this particular topic on national and international levels. Some research papers have been published on eco-criticism in Shakespeare’s dramas in some journals; mention may be made of the one written by Dr. Subh Brat Sarkar, Rishi Bankim Chandra College, Naihati, W. B. The paper already written by the present researcher and published in the Research Spectrum (August-2012 Issue) contains some hints of the Eco-criticism in Shakespeare’s plays as seen by Rabindranath Tagore. You read "A Midsummer Night’s Dream: an Ecological Interpretation" in category "Essay examples" Tagore considered it to be a kind of colonialism. According to him colonialism is not only the subordination of a weaker nation by a powerful one but the subordination of nature by human beings. Tagore also probably finds the ‘ecologist Shakespeare’ as in As You Like It, The Tempest etc. According to Nirmal Selvamony, the humans have introduced a hierarchy in nature. In that the humans have placed the domesticated animals higher than the wild animals. â€Å"Even animals were ranged in hierarchic order, the domestic and the wild† (Selvamony 4). But in A Midsummer Night’s Dream the role of the dominating power is taken by the fairies and the inferior race is the human beings. The fairies have occupied the topmost position in the hierarchy of Nature and they subordinate man and they quarrel in order to decide who will ‘domesticate’ the Indian boy who is the representative of the colonized people. This kind of colonialism found in Nature may be termed ‘Ecocolonialism’ or ‘Eco-imperialism’. In a supernatural drama like the present one the imperialists are the fairies but in reality they are the mighty people and the colonized ones may be the flora and fauna or even linguistically, culturally, racially, socially, politically, religiously or financially weaker section of the people. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream an ecologist easily finds plenty of materials relevant not only to the students of literature but of science, especially ecology also. The human beings in the person of the Indian boy or the European lovers are merely playthings to the mighty fairies. The fairies play with the humans for their own pleasure and showing their might and not for the amusement of the humans and they do it from anthropocentric point of view. In his Master’s Degree dissertation paper, (University of South Florida) Roy Patricia points out the environmental issues in MND by referring to â€Å"Folk Medicine and the Four Fairies of A Midsummer Night’s Dream,† by Lou Agnes Reynolds and Paul Sawyer who have recovered the fairies from evil associations by casting them as herbal doctors. The article points to the strong early modern interest in the medicinal use of plants and finds that, by the use of this imagery, Shakespeare imbues his fairy characters and their natural remedies with beneficial, medicinal properties. Reynolds and Sawyer’s points are well taken, but we can develop them even further. Not only do the four attendant fairies – Cobweb, Mustardseed, Peascod and Mote – represent fairy medicine but all the actions in the forest also act therapeutically upon the lovers. The inversion of love-roles and the dreams of the lovers depend upon Oberon’s extensive knowledge of the herbal lore of his world. As Oberon himself states: â€Å"Fare thee well, nymph [Helena]. Ere he do leave this grove / Thou shalt fly him, and he shall seek thy love. (2. 1. 245-6). In Act-1I, scene-i of from the speech of Puck we come to know that the king, Oberon is angry with the queen, Titania as she has seized away a boy from India and made him her servant. â€Å"For Oberon is passing fell and wrath, / Because she as her attendant hath / A lovely boy, stolen from an Indian king†. But the king wants to roam about the forests (Nature), along with the boy. As a result whenever they meet, they quarrel. Titania also alleges him of emptying of the venom of jealousy. She says that whenever they meet they quarrel and as a result the wind cannot sing the song of peace and is sucking the fog from the surface of the seas and the water level of the seas has been raised up; the natural system has been disrupted, resulting in untimely flood and thereby destruction of vast area of crops and extinct of a number of species. The ever smiling spring, the scorching summer, the frowning autumn and the cruel winter have changed their plight and so people cannot identify them. Titania confesses that they are responsible for this unholy variation of the cycle of seasons. The people cannot endure the change of the cycle of seasons; suffer from untimely winter and also various kinds of diseases due to the change and endangered bio-diversity. In reply to the allegation of the queen, the king urges her to correct the ecological imbalance as she has the power to remedy. The reason of their quarrel is also clear to the readers—possession of the boy kidnapped from India. Here the quarrel is between a power that has deprived the creature of his natural habitat and made him her servant and the eco-friendly power that is keen to roam about the forests, along with the innocent creature. But none is ready to provide the boy with absolute freedom and so their quarrel does not come to an end here. The king requests the queen to hand the boy over to him but she is too obstinate to nod. She frankly declares that she cannot lose her control over the boy even if she is given the whole fairy land. So Oberon decides to use tricks. He advises Puck to extract the juice of a certain flower which would act like black magic and leave its evil influence on Titania’s eyes, if administered properly. It would also be able to invert the usual behaviour and natural instinct of a person as in the modern age we see the evil influence of narcotics especially in the third world countries. The harmful effect of the use of drugs on eco system is mainly felt in the developing countries. Again Titania, admits that their quarrel has destroyed the usual course of the natural phenomena and nature has undergone vast changes, creating ocean of troubles for human beings. In Act-1, Scene-ii (Lines 81-117) Titania, the Queen of the fairies alleges that their quarrel has destroyed the usual habits of the natural phenomena and Nature has undergone vast changes, creating ocean of troubles for human beings. It may be considered Shakespeare’s anticipation of what McKibben says in his book The End of Nature (1990): We have changed the atmosphere, and thus we are changing the weather. By changing the weather we make every spot on earth man-made or artificial. We have deprived nature of its independence, and that is fatal to its meaning. Nature’s independence is its meaning; ithout it there is nothing but us. (McKibben 1990: 54) In this connection it may be recalled that India was a favourite commercial place to the Western countries form the time of ancient history. And for the sole possession of India several wars were for between the English and the French and others. The Indian boy in the play is symbolically a colony, an ideal place for busi ness. Now-a-day it may be a typical Indian plant for whose patent the economic colonialists are ever fighting among themselves and in order to supersede one another destroying the eco system of the whole globe. Recently we witnessed the war between Iraq and U. S. A. Various reasons may be found out but the naked truth is that the sole reason of the notorious war is nothing but the shameless effort of control over the petroleum mines of the Arabian countries. When the two â€Å"do square, that all their elves for fear/ Creep into acorn cups and hide them there†. The peaceful people whenever get frightened, seek refuge in nature and it may be kept in mind that the best remedy of various pollutions including noise pollution is plantation. Nature is the man’s ultimate refuge because only nature can provide the human beings with eternal pleasure, both physical and mental. Puck also confesses that he, in order to make a fun and to show his prowess, perturbs the natural habits of an object both animate and inanimate. In modern age the modern Pucks very often destroy the Nature and subordinate the creatures of Nature very often out of fun. Examples may be given of the tortured animals in the circus shows, poachers’ activities etc; moreover, we torture the animals in the zoo. Keeping bird cages is a favourite but cruel hobby of a kind of people even after the passage of law against it. It is not only inhuman and unlawful but harmful to bio-diversity also. Recently a television channel telecast a live show of beating thousands of innocent seals to death in Antarctica by a community as it is the annual festival of the community. The pain of the poor seals, especially the half dead ones, the fear of the eco system to be disturbed, the melting of the glaciers and thereby upheaval of the sea level cannot render them anxious of the future of the earth. In this post-Modern age MND is quite relevant and significant since we witness the ecological imbalance, extinction of a large number of species, climatic change, global warming, uprising of the sea level, earth quake, tsunami, El Nino etc. The reason behind such troubles may be, along with the others, the wars (Gulf war, the long war between Iran and Iraq and of course the two World Wars), nuclear bomb testing and above all merciless deforestation. Here in the speech of Titania we seem to hear the voice of an environment scientist or of an ecologist. It may be noted that the more mighty the power, the more strong a destroyer is he in this post-Modern Age. Probably Shakespeare anticipated the natural problems created by the super-human power. The Titanias now-a-days are the war-mongers greedy of absolute power, who seldom think of the future of the globe. So in this age of science and technology the revaluation of the plays of Shakespeare is very much significant. In the same Act and scene the speech of Oberon (L-176–185) is also significant. He speaks of the juice of a flower that is able to hypnotize any man or woman and make him/her fall in love with any creature seen first. But the remedy is known to Oberon only. So it may be supposed that he wants to administer the cunning trick only to destroy the natural habit of a creature and to apply his remedy and thereby to prove his power. In the post-Modern age of economic colonialism this cunning theory is felt to have come back, but with a new dimension. For example the parthenium plant has allegedly come from U. S. A. As found in an e-article (http://www. streetdirectory. om) It appears that Parthenium is not native to India, but it came with the imported wheat as a mixture, when the US sent wheat to India under PL 480 (Public Law 480 passed in 1954 to give food grains to developing countries) in 1956. However this concept was contradicted by some as not the real story because Parthenium was present in India even in 1951 itself. Some people allege that this plant causes a sthma whose medicine would be made in USA and so in order to sell the medicine and to prevail over the subcontinent, the Americans sent the parthenium seeds as adulteration with wheat seeds. So the purpose is to make the Indians asthma patients and then to sell to them asthma medicine. But we should not engage ourselves in this controversy, since we are not talking of international politics but of literary criticism. Here, in the drama the role of Oberon is like that of a modern capitalist who uses his cunning method in order to prove his supremacy and thereby dominate over the comparatively weaker sections and he is doing this out of ecophobia. Ultimately Oberon, the king realizes the harmful effect of his sports and then he feels sorry and takes the responsibility and so urges his assistant to correct the mistakes. He also pacifies his quarrel with Titania, once again with the help of the same narcotics. Here we see the constructive use of the herbs. Thus the play ends with an optimistic note and indirectly upholds the banner of Nature which is the best remedy for the revival of the impaired eco system. It also opines that man cannot remain happy by subordinating nature. Now in the age of global warming the plays of Shakespeare deserve a re-reading. One may recall the peaceful atmosphere in the Forest of Arden (As You Like It) and realize that subordination of nature cannot bring us mental peace as Tagore realized. He establishes his opinion by citing examples from As You Like It, Sakuntala etc. In the concluding song Puck urges the audience to consider the play to be a dream. We may do but it would not be an overstatement to consider it to be a dream of an ecologist because in the play we see what an ecologist would think of the vast change taken place in environment due to the modern leaders of the planet. Reference 1. Arumugam, E. (2008) Principles of Environmental Ethics, Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi-2, India. 2. Bookchin, Murray, Anthropocentrism versus biocentrism – a false dichotomy http://climateandcapitalism. om. 3. Botkin, Daniel B. ; Keller , Edward A. , (2005), Environmental Science, John Wiley ; Sons, Inc, U. S. A. 4. Estok, Simon C. , Shakespeare and Ecocriticism: An Analysis of â€Å"Home† and â€Å"Power† in King Lear, http://simonestok. com. 5. Garrard, G. (2007) Ecocriticism, Routledge, London and New York. 6. Gifford, Terry: (1999) Pastoral , Routeledge, London and New York. 7. Glotfelty, C. and Fromm, H. (ed) (1996) The Eco-criticism Reader: Landmark in Literary Ecology, University of Georgia Press, London. 8. McKibben, B. (1990), The End of Nature, Penguin, London, 9. Patricia, Roy, (2004), â€Å"Shakespeare’s Midsummer Fairies: Shadows and Shamen of the Forest†, http://scholarcommons. usf. edu/etd/1226 10. Purohit , S. S. ; Ranjan, Rajiv (2003), Ecology, Environment and Pollution, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, India. 11. Sarkar, Subh Brat, (2005), â€Å"Ecological Theatre: Performance and Ecological Issues† (in Prakashkal) Unique; Panshila, Sodepur, W. B. , India. 12. Selvamony, Nirmal, (2001): â€Å"Persons for Alternative Social Order†, Chennai, India. 13. Shakespeare, William, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, New Delhi: Oxford ; IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd. , 1980. 14. Tagore, R. , (1932) The Religion of Man, George Allen and Unwin, London. 15. Thompson, Jr. , E. , (1926), Rabindranath Tagore: Poet and Dramatist, Read, p. 12, http://en. wikipedia. org. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1. Dr. Amit Bhattacharya, Associate Professor ; Head, Dept. of English, University of Gour Banga, Malda, W. B. , India. 2. UGC (India) for MRP (No: F. PHW-131/09-10 (ERO) Date: Sept. 07, 2009) 3. The Essay was published in the International Journal of Innovative Research and Development (ISSN 2278-0211), Vol-1, Issue-6 September, 2012. www. ijird. com. How to cite A Midsummer Night’s Dream: an Ecological Interpretation, Essay examples

Esoteric and Exoteric Christianity free essay sample

Esoteric and Exoteric Christianity Recently, someone asked, â€Å"Did Judas leave the Last Supper early? † She was repeating a question that she heard from people who criticize Christianity. There are two major types knowledge that is used to evaluate Christianity. She had probably heard this question from someone who depended on exoteric knowledge. To bear fruit within the church, we need to know about exoteric knowledge and esoteric knowledge. Exoteric knowledge is knowledge that is publicly available. Esoteric knowledge is kept from everyone except the initiated. Among educated people, the word esoteric is widely known and used frequently. On the other hand, the word exoteric is known only to few people. Thus, the word exoteric is esoteric, and the word esoteric is exoteric. The word exoteric traces to Greek roots meaning outer. The cross is an outer or exoteric symbol. The dove is an exoteric symbol. The inner emotional meaning of these two symbols is esoteric knowledge. Some people look at a cross and see metal and perhaps history. Those are people who depend on exoteric knowledge. Other people see a cross and feel the presence of Christ even to the extent of having an ecstatic experience. For example, there are people in this room who speak in tongues. A person in this room has seen a vision of the Virgin Mary. There are people who publicly weep when they pray. Those are people with contemplative, mystical or meditative transpersonal perspectives who have told me this and have asked that I never reveal this side of them to anyone else, because people who depend on exoteric knowledge would publicly say mean and cruel and hurtful things to their faces and behind their backs. As an example, I base part of my faith experience on esoteric Christianity found through exoteric symbols found through Freemasonry. Last week, I heard a member of our church talking to someone, saying mean spirited, hateful things about my esoteric experiences with Freemasonry, and I was hurt deeply. Some esoteric knowledge can be impossible for other people to understand. A person who depends on exoteric knowledge may not even know that they have hurt someone who has esoteric knowledge because people who depend on exoteric knowledge may not recognize emotions, or understand that a person with esoteric knowledge is unable to explain esoteric knowledge to someone who uses exoteric knowledge. As a further example, in music, to some, Mozart’s The Magic Flute includes a simply describable study in coloratura aria that reaches high F6. To others, that section of The Magic Flute is an analogy to the zeitgeist of enlightened absolutism where the Queen of the Night represents the irrational-diabolic obscurantism, and that is an example of esotericism that I can not explain to someone who is not a student of esotericism. Discussions over whether Judas completed the Last Supper can be examples of these problems between exoteric and esoteric knowledge. For example, Father Roger J. Landry writes that: Through Moses, God gave the Jews in generations subsequent to the exodus a rite by which they could enter into the dramatic event of the Passover of their forefathers. The celebrated it each year with great attention to detail: what they were to wear, what they were to say, how they were to clean their houses, prepare and cook the food were all prescribed by God. It was within that rite of that old covenant that Jesus instituted the new. Scripture scholars, in looking at the Gospel narratives from the point of view of the Jewish seder, however, have noted with curiosity and a certain astonishment that Jesus did not finish the rite. There are supposed to be four cups of wine, consumed at different times. Jesus and his disciples only drank three before they went out toward the Garden of Gethsemane. The question is: What happened to the fourth cup? Most believe the fourth cup was the â€Å"cup of suffering† foretold by the prophets that Christ would drink on the Cross. That the fourth cup was consumed on the Cross seems likely, because of what Jesus himself did immediately before pronouncing that â€Å"it is finished. † Jesus first said, â€Å"I thirst. † St. John tells us what happened next: â€Å"A jar full of sour wine was standing there. So they put a sponge full of the wine on a branch of hyssop and held it to his mouth. When he had received the wine, he said, ‘It is finished. ’† (Jn 19:28-30). Jesus had said during the Last Supper, â€Å"Truly I tell you, I will never again drink of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God† (Mk 14:25). If Jesus were drinking wine now, it must be that he was fully inaugurating that kingdom, which was the culmination of his work. It was his â€Å"it. † Looking at this passage by Father Landry requires recognizing the distinction between Esoteric and Exoteric is that of states of consciousness. An esoteric person might never consider Father Landry’s points, because that person might be weeping over Christ’s passion. And in the opposite is an Exoteric philosophy or religion as one which is based on the normal waking state of consciousness, or a modified state of consciousness which is still pretty close to the normal waking state. Any aspiration beyond the ordinary state of existence is discouraged. For example, according to the religious person, God created/loves you just as you are, so who are you to question what God has ordained for you by striving for some higher state of consciousness? While according to someone who depends on exoteric knowldge, there is no higher state beyond the rational mind anyway (all non-rational states of consciousness being delusionary). In contrast, all true Esotericism is based on Higher Knowledge, or Gnosis, to use the Greek term. Gnosis is a much superior way of understanding than Reason.